Transformer winding hot spot temperature strongly influences insulation aging and risk of failure. This is the first part of an article which reviews direct hot spot measurement using gallium arsenide-based fibre optic sensors installed in the winding. The method provides in situ temperature data at critical locations, reducing reliance on thermal models and hotspot estimation. Practical benefits include improved loading decisions, better validation of design margins, and more accurate aging assessment for condition-based maintenance and asset management.
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